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A transient ischaemic attack (TIA), often referred to as a "mini-stroke," is a temporary episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a brief blockage of blood flow to part of the brain, spinal cord, or retina, without causing permanent brain damage. Although its symptoms are temporary, usually lasting a few minutes to a few hours and resolving completely within 24 hours, a TIA is a critical warning sign that a full-blown stroke may occur in the near future. Up to 20% of people who have a TIA experience a stroke within 90 days, with about half of those strokes happening within the first two days.
Common symptoms
Weakness, numbness or paralysis in the face, arm or leg, typically on one side of the body (often remembered by the 'FAST' acronym: Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call emergency services).
Slurred or garbled speech (dysarthria) or difficulty with or loss of speaking ability (aphasia).
Trouble understanding others.
Blindness in one or both eyes or double vision (diplopia).
Dizziness or vertigo (a spinning sensation).
Loss of balance or coordination (ataxia).
Sudden severe headache with no known cause.
Nausea and vomiting.
Neck stiffness.
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia).
Confusion.
Possible causes
A blood clot forming in the brain (thrombosis).
A fragment of a blood clot that formed elsewhere in the body (e.g., heart) breaking free and traveling to the brain (thromboembolism).
Small vessel blockage (lacunar stroke).
Buildup of cholesterol-containing fatty deposits (plaques) in an artery, known as atherosclerosis, which can narrow blood vessels or lead to clot formation.
High blood pressure (hypertension) - the most significant risk factor.
Type 2 diabetes.
Tobacco use (smoking or vaping).
Atrial fibrillation (Afib) - an irregular heart rhythm that can cause blood clots to form in the heart.
High cholesterol (hyperlipidemia).
Heart disease and a previous heart attack.
Carotid artery disease (clogged blood vessels in the neck).
Age, especially after 55.
Excess weight or obesity.
Heavy alcohol intake.
Use of illicit drugs (e.g., cocaine).
A history of stroke or TIA.
High levels of homocysteine.
Arterial dissection (damaged artery in the neck).
Medical treatment
Immediate administration of aspirin to prevent blood clots.
Other anti-platelet medications such as clopidogrel (Plavix®), ticagrelor (Brilinta®), or a combination of aspirin and dipyridamole (Aggrenox®) to reduce blood clotting.
Anticoagulant medications (blood thinners) like warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, or rivaroxaban, especially if the TIA was caused by a blood clot from the heart due to conditions like atrial fibrillation.
Blood pressure medications (e.g., calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, diuretics) to reduce strain on blood vessels.
Statins (cholesterol-lowering medications) to reduce LDL cholesterol and prevent plaque buildup.
Carotid endarterectomy: a surgical procedure to remove plaques from narrowed carotid arteries in the neck to improve blood flow to the brain.
Endovascular procedures such as endovascular thrombectomy (to remove a clot), stenting (to hold open narrowed vessels), or angioplasty.
Ayurvedic perspective
From an Ayurvedic perspective, a Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA) is primarily viewed as an imbalance in the Vata dosha, which governs movement, circulation, and nervous system functions. This imbalance can lead to blockages in the body's channels (srotas), disrupting the flow of prana (life energy) to the brain. TIA is considered a warning sign, indicating the need for immediate attention to restore balance and prevent more severe conditions like a full stroke. The Ayurvedic approach aims to rebalance the doshas, improve blood circulation, minimize clot formation, and strengthen nerves and the brain. It can also be related to Avarana (obstruction of Vata due to Kapha or Ama accumulation) or Dhamani Pratichaya (hardening/narrowing of arteries), which correspond to modern arteriosclerosis.
Ayurvedic dietary guidelines
Maintain a balanced diet rich in fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats to support vascular health.
Consume foods rich in fiber and minerals, such as beans, leafy greens, and cruciferous vegetables.
Include warm, nourishing, and easily digestible foods prepared with digestive spices.
Curcumin (Haridra/Turmeric - Curcuma longa): Aids in healing, prevents and treats clot formation, reduces inflammation, acts as an antioxidant, and balances all three doshas. — Classical Ayurvedic medicinal herb
